Is your dog considered a "senior" yet? Small dog breeds live longer than larger breeds, so 10-13 years is considered a senior for them. Of course, each dog is an individual so ask your vet to determine this for you.
There are certain health problems older dogs have and they of course differ depending on your dog's size, breed and activity level. Here are some of the problems:
Liver and kidney dysfunctions
Joint and bone
Teeth and gums
An overall reduction in dog's metabolism
Skin become thin and less pliable, coat becomes mottled and patchy
Your dog's senses - sight, taste, smell and hearing - will dull. They can develop cataracts and even glaucoma. Watch for cloudy appearance in his eyes.
He may develop arthritis, which is why he slows down. This can be helped by giving him an anti-inflammatory drug.
Just like people, dogs may be affected mentally as they age. They forget things and behavior can change. Behavioral changes may include :
sensitivity to noise
barking at nothing
aggression
separation anxiety
Talk to your veterinarian about your dog. Ask him what to expect as he ages. Also, ask him how often he should have his check-ups and tests. Most vets recommend urinalysis, blood tests plus an EKG.
Physical changes occur like his inability to heal as fast if he gets an infection. Kidneys seem to be one of the most common systems to wear out. He may have inappropriate elimination. If he has excessive urination or incontinence your dog could have diabetes or kidney failure but if caught early it can be treatable.
Here are some signs you should take note of and if your dog displays any call your veterinarian.
Vomiting or diarrhea that lasts more than a day.
Weight changes - loss or gain.
Coughing - frequent and severe.
Labored breathing - excessive panting.
Tiring quickly.
Increased stiffness.
Difficulty climbing stairs and jumping up.
Disorientation.
Change in appetite.
Difficulty in swallowing or chewing.
Lumps, swellings or open sores.
Hair loss.
Seizures
Change in urination or stools.
I would just say anything unusual in your dog - be sure - consult your vet.
There are things you can do to help keep your dog healthy. Besides the visits to your vet, keeping vaccinations up to date and their annual testing think about:
Nutrition
An older dog has different nutritional needs so find a dog food that is made especially for older dogs or look into home-prepared food for him. He needs a diet that is lower in fat, calories and fat. It needs to be easily chewed and digested. Another thing you need to keep your dog's weight under control to help stop development of disease.
Exercise
Dogs need exercise even now just adjust it to their changing abilities.
Dietary Supplements
Ask your vet if a mineral or vitamin supplement is needed for your dog.
Dental
Keep teeth clean - brush daily. Besides obesity, periodontal disease is the most common problems a vet sees.
Lastly, keep him clean, active, comfortable and happy!
"A good dog never dies he always stays he walks besides you on crisp autumn days when frost is on the fields and winter's drawing near, his head is within our hand in his old way." --Mary Carolyn Davies